英语翻译Column 1 in Table 1 shows the social rate of return to industry from R&D conducted byfirms within the same industry.These estimates range from 17% to 34%.The secondcolumn shows the social return attributable to R&D conducted in one indust

英语翻译Column 1 in Table 1 shows the social rate of return to industry from R&D conducted byfirms within the same industry.These estimates range from 17% to 34%.The secondcolumn shows the social return attributable to R&D conducted in one indust
英语翻译
Column 1 in Table 1 shows the social rate of return to industry from R&D conducted by
firms within the same industry.These estimates range from 17% to 34%.The second
column shows the social return attributable to R&D conducted in one industry but used in
another (for example,R&D carried out in an upstream industry).Estimates of the social
rate of return on this R&D are significantly higher.Adding the two together implies a
social rate of return of around 100%.These estimates are largely based on data for the
manufacturing sector.
Empirical results on the social rate of return to R&D are integrated into a macroeconomic
model of endogenous innovation and growth by Jones and Williams (1998).They show
that the estimates of the social rate of return in the R&D literature (i.e.the studies shownin Table 1) actually provide a lower bound to the true social rate of return,once we take
into account the dynamic general equilibrium effects emphasised in the endogenous
growth literature.
Another way in which these models will underestimate the social rate of return to R&D is
that they assume that imitation is costless.However,knowledge is ‘tacit’ in nature:it
takes time and effort to explain new ideas to others and to codify inventions in manuals
and textbooks.This means that imitation itself can be costly.6 Recent work has
emphasised the role that R&D plays,not only in leading to new innovations but also in
enhancing firms’ ability to imitate.R&D not only stimulates innovation but also plays an
important role in the adoption of existing technologies.Empirical evidence lends support
to these ideas.
Griffith,Redding and Van Reenen (2000) present an empirical framework in which the
rate of return to R&D is composed of an effect on productivity through innovation and an
effect through increased potential for imitation.This second component will be
particularly important for firms,industries and countries far behind the technological
frontier.Innovation and technology transfer provide two potential sources of productivity
growth for countries behind the technological frontier.A country’s distance from the
technological frontier is used as a direct measure of the potential for technology transfer,
where the frontier is defined for each industry as the country with the highest level of
total factor productivity (TFP).The further a country lies behind the technological
frontier,the greater the potential for R&D to increase TFP growth through technology
transfer from more advanced countries.7
Griffith et al.(2000) provide econometric evidence that R&D expenditure plays a role in
assimilating the research discoveries of others as well as its conventional role as a source
of innovation.

英语翻译Column 1 in Table 1 shows the social rate of return to industry from R&D conducted byfirms within the same industry.These estimates range from 17% to 34%.The secondcolumn shows the social return attributable to R&D conducted in one indust
表1显示第一栏的社会回报率进行产业从研发同一行业内的公司.这些估计范围从17%,达34%.第二栏显示社会回归归因于研发以一个行业,但用于另一种(例如,研发进行了在一个上游产业).估计的社会回报率在此研发是否有显著较高.将两个一起意味着一种社会回报率约为100%.这些估计是很大程度上依赖数据的制造业.
实证结果的社会回报率对研发整合到宏观经济模型内生创新和增长由琼斯和威廉姆(1998).他们显示那估计的社会回报率研发文学(如下.研究表1)实际上提供一个下界到真正的社会回报率,一旦我们采取考虑到这个动态一般均衡效果在内生此言增长的文学.
另一种方法,那就是这些模型将低估了社会回报率对研发他们认为,模仿是免费的.然而,知识是“隐性”的性格:它需要时间和努力来解释新想法给别人,并编号的发明在手册与新教科书.这意味着模仿本身也可以costly.6最近的工作了此言一出戏剧中所扮演角色的研发,不仅导致新的创新,而且在提高企业的能力去模仿.但是不仅刺激创新研发方面也发挥着重要的角色在采用现有的工艺.经验证据可以支持这些观点.
雷丁和范·Reenen(2000)给出实证的体制对研发的回报率组成的影响是通过创新和生产力通过增加潜在影响的模仿行为.这第二部分将会如何尤为重要的公司、行业、国家落后于技术边境.创新和技术转让的潜在来源提供两个生产力为国家增长背后的科技前沿.一个国家的距离技术前沿被用作一种直接测量的潜在技术转移,在边境被定义为每个产业为国家拥有最高水平的吗全要素生产率(TFP).一个国家背后的进一步的技术前沿、更大的潜在的研发来增加TFP增长通过技术更先进的countries.7转移 格里菲斯孙俐.(2000)提供计量经济学证据,扮演了一个重要角色在研发费用研究发现别人的同化作用以及它传统的一个来源的创新.

表1显示第一栏的社会回报率进行产业从研发
同一行业内的公司。这些估计范围从17%,达到34%。第二
栏显示社会回归归因于研发以一个行业,但用于
另一种(例如,研发进行了在一个上游产业)。估计的社会
回报率在此研发是否有显著较高。将两个一起意味着一种
社会回报率约为100%。这些估计是很大程度上依赖数据的
制造业。
实证结果的社会回报率对研发整...

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表1显示第一栏的社会回报率进行产业从研发
同一行业内的公司。这些估计范围从17%,达到34%。第二
栏显示社会回归归因于研发以一个行业,但用于
另一种(例如,研发进行了在一个上游产业)。估计的社会
回报率在此研发是否有显著较高。将两个一起意味着一种
社会回报率约为100%。这些估计是很大程度上依赖数据的
制造业。
实证结果的社会回报率对研发整合到宏观经济
模型内生创新和增长由琼斯和威廉姆斯(1998)。他们显示
那估计的社会回报率研发文学(如下。研究shownin表1)实际上提供一个下界到真正的社会回报率,一旦我们采取
考虑到这个动态一般均衡效果在内生此言
增长的文学。
另一种方法,那就是这些模型将低估了社会回报率对研发
他们认为,模仿是免费的。然而,知识是“隐性”的性格:它
需要时间和努力来解释新想法给别人,并编号的发明在手册
与新教科书。这意味着模仿本身也可以costly.6最近的工作了
此言一出戏剧中所扮演角色的研发,不仅导致新的创新,而且在
提高企业的能力去模仿。但是不仅刺激创新研发方面也发挥着
重要的角色在采用现有的工艺。经验证据可以支持
这些观点。
雷丁和范·Reenen(2000)给出实证的体制
对研发的回报率组成的影响是通过创新和生产力
通过增加潜在影响的模仿行为。这第二部分将会如何
尤为重要的公司、行业、国家落后于技术
边境。创新和技术

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